Fetomaternal outcome in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common complications of pregnancy and associated with adverse outcomes of pregnancy for mother and baby. GDM exposes fetus to hyperglycemia and it leads to macrosomia, birth trauma, shoulder dystocia, neonatal hypoglycemia, hyperbilirubinemia, hypocalcemia, polycythemia, and respiratory distress syndrome. Aim and Objectives: The objective of this study is to analyze maternal and neonatal outcomes of pregnancy in women with GDM. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out prospectively in the department of obstetrics and gynecology, tertiary care hospital, Gujarat, over a period of December 2020–December 2021. Total 104 patients were diagnosed with GDM and included in this study. Exclusion criteria include pregnant women with pre-existing diabetes, pregnancy with more than one fetus, other chronic disease, still birth, on medication that might affect glucose metabolism (steroids, anti-psychotic medications, etc.), not willing to participate. A detailed history of all patients was taken. Results: Out of 990 patients, 104 (10.5%) pregnant women were found to have GDM. Adverse maternal outcomes were polyhydramnios (38.4%), antepartum haemorrhage (1.9%), postpartum hemorrhage (4.8%), sepsis (1.9%), wound infection (1.9%), and urinary tract infection (10.6%). Most common neonatal complication was hypoglycemia (29.8%), prematurity (16.3%), and macrosomia (10.5%). Conclusion: The increasing prevalence of risk factors related to GDM; it is likely that GDM in pregnant women will give adverse outcomes. The antenatal screening for GDM is key for early diagnosis and treatment during antennal visit and that will improve maternal and fetal outcome. Management of GDM can prevent development of future diabetes mellitus in women.

Decision-to-delivery interval and obstetric outcomes of emergency caesarean sections in a Nigerian teaching hospital

Prolonged Decision-to-Delivery interval (DDI) is associated with adverse maternal-foetal outcomes following emergency Caesarean section (EmCS). Objectives: To determine the DDI, predictive factors, and the foeto-maternal outcomes of patients that had EmCS in a Nigerian Teaching Hospital. Methods: A descriptive study of all EmCS performed at the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex (OAUTHC), Ile-Ife, Nigeria, from 1st June 2020 to 31st May 2021, was conducted. Relevant data were extracted from the documentations of doctors, nurses and anaesthetists using a designed proforma. The data obtained were analysed using the IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 25. Results: The median (IQR) DDI was 297 (175-434) minutes. Only one patient was delivered within the recommended DDI of 30 minutes. The most common cause of prolonged DDI was delay in procuring materials for CS by patients' relatives(s)/caregiver(s) (264, 85.2%). Repeat CS (AOR = 4.923, 95% CI 1.09-22.36; p = 0.039), prolonged decision-to-operating room time (AOR = 8.22, 95% CI 1.87-8.66; p<0.001), and junior cadre of surgeon (AOR = 25.183, 95% CI 2.698-35.053; p = 0.005) were significant predictors of prolonged DDI. Prolonged DDI > 150 minutes was significantly associated with maternal morbidity (p = 0.001), stillbirth (p = 0.008) and early neonatal death (p = 0.049). Conclusion: The recommended DDI of 30 minutes for CS is challenging in the setting studied. To improve foetomaternal outcomes, efforts to reduce the DDI should be pursued vigorously, using the recommended 30 minutesas a benchmark.

Comparison of maternal and fetal outcomes between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients in a tertiary government hospital: A retrospective cohort study / Philippine Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology

Introduction@#Although it is likely that outcomes in pregnancy differ between regions due to differences in health‑care delivery, resources, and health protocols, the rampant increase in COVID‑19 cases has proven its effects on the maternal and fetal outcomes. But to what extent does COVID‑19 in pregnancy affect adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes compared to non‑COVID‑19 pregnant patients?@*Objectives@#This study aims to compare maternal outcomes (morbidity, mortality, intensive care unit [ICU] admissions, and cesarean section [CS] rate) and fetal outcomes (prematurity, APGAR score, neonatal ICU [NICU] admission, and mortality) between COVID‑19 and non‑COVID‑19 cases.@*Methodology@#A retrospective cohort study was done through chart review of 240 patients, 120 for the COVID‑19 group and 120 for the non‑COVID‑19 group. Demographic data, as well as maternal outcomes (i.e., morbidity, mortality, ICU admissions, and emergency CS), and adverse fetal outcomes (i.e., prematurity, low APGAR, NICU admission, and mortality) were gathered. These outcomes were also classified according to disease severity for the COVID‑19 group. The effect of using investigational drugs to outcomes was also determined.@*Results@#This study shows that adverse maternal outcomes were significantly increased with COVID‑19 infection. Mortality was increased by 10% while morbidities (acute respiratory distress syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulation, hemorrhage, and sepsis) were increased by 35%. ICU admission for COVID‑19 patients was 10.8% higher, and the emergency CS rate was also increased by 10% in the COVID‑19 group. Results also showed increased adverse fetal outcomes for the COVID‑19 group, with a 10.8% increase in neonates being born prematurely, an 11.67% increase in low APGAR score, a 9.16% increase in mortality, and a 10% increase in NICU admission. The use of investigational drugs in cases of severe and critical COVID‑19 did not have any significant benefits to the outcomes.@*Conclusion@#COVID‑19 infection significantly increases both maternal and fetal outcomes, and these adverse effects correspond to the severity of the disease. The use of investigational drugs in severe and critical COVID‑19 cases has no significant benefit to maternal and fetal outcomes.

Maternal and neonatal outcomes among women with gestational diabetes mellitus treated with metformin in a tertiary hospital: A retrospective cohort study

Background@#Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common disorder associated with both maternal and fetal complications. Treatment for GDM requires lifestyle modification, as well as insulin and oral anti-diabetes medications to prevent unwarranted fetal and maternal outcomes.@*Objective@#To determine the feto-maternal outcomes of GDM patients treated with either metformin-monotherapy, insulin- monotherapy, and with insulin plus metformin (combination) therapy in a private tertiary hospital in Metro Manila.@*Methods@#This is a retrospective cohort study involving 209 GDM patients admitted from January 2017 to December 2019. Census and chart reviews were done for demographic and clinical data. These were divided into 3 groups: metformin-monotherapy, insulin-monotherapy, and combination treated groups. Analysis of Variance was used to compare the average capillary blood glucose (CBG) levels of patients. Chi-square and Fisher’s Exact tests were used for nonparametric data.@*Results@#Birthweight was significant across all groups: metformin-monotherapy group highest with large-for-gestational- age (LGA) at 25%, small-for-gestational-age (SGA) highest on the insulin-monotherapy group (11.3%) and appropriate-for- gestational-age (AGA) highest in the combination therapy group (84.6%). Age of gestation (AOG) at delivery (p=0.005), maternal CBG during labor (p=0.007), and chronic hypertension (p=0.001) were statistically significant across all groups. Multiple comparisons showed the following statistically significant results as well: chronic hypertension between metformin and combination group (p <0.01), AOG during delivery between metformin vs insulin group (p=0.004), maternal CBGs during labor between metformin vs insulin group (p=0.022), and insulin vs combination treatment group (p=0.029). Average maternal CBG levels were also showed statistically significant difference between the metformin vs insulin group (p=0.029).@*Conclusion@#Metformin may be used in controlling CBG levels in GDM patients. Although metformin may be comparable to insulin, more long-term studies need to be done to determine its long-term effects on neonates.

Perinatal Outcomes and Factors Associated with Ethnic Group in cases of Preterm Birth: the Multicenter Study on Preterm Birth in Brazil / Resultados perinatais e fatores associados à etnia em casos de parto pré-termo: Estudo multicêntrico de investigação de prematuridade no Brasil

Abstract Objective To investigate the characteristics of women who had preterm birth (PTB) and related outcomes according to ethnicity. Methods A secondary analysis of a multicenter cross-sectional study conducted in Brazil. Women who had PTB were classified by self-report as white and non-white. Clinical, pregnancy, and maternal data were collected through postpartum interviews and reviews of medical charts. The sociodemographic, obstetric and clinical characteristics of the women, as well as the mode of delivery and the neonatal outcomes among different ethnic groups were compared through a bivariate analysis. Results Of the 4,150 women who had PTB, 2,317 (55.8%) were non-white, who were more likely: to be younger than 19 years of age (prevalence ratio [PR]: 1.05; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 1.01-1.09); to be without a partner; to live on low income; to have lower levels of schooling; to have ≥ 2 children; to perform strenuous work; to be fromthe Northeastern region of Brazil rather than the from Southern region; to have a history of ≥ 3 deliveries; to have an interpregnancy interval<12 months; to have pregnancy complications such as abortion, PTB, preterm premature rupture of membranes (pPROM), and low birth weight; to initiate antenatal care (ANC) visits in the second or third trimesters; to have have an inadequate number of ANC visits; to be under continuous overexertion; to smoke in the first and second or third trimesters; and to have anemia and gestational hypertension. The maternal and neonatal outcomes did not differ between the groups, except for the higher rate of low birth weight (73.7% versus 69.0%) in infants born to non-white women, and the higher rate of seizures (4.05% versus 6.29%) in infants born to white women. Conclusion Unfavorable conditions weremore common in non-whites than inwhites. Proper policies are required to decrease inequalities, especially in the context of prematurity, when women and their neonates have specific needs.

Resumo Objetivo Investigar as características das mulheres com parto pré-termo e os respectivos resultados de acordo com a etnia. Métodos Uma análise secundária de umestudo de corte transversalmulticêntrico no Brasil. Mulheres com parto pré-termo foram classificadas por autodefinição como brancas ou não brancas. Dados maternos, clínicos, e da gestação foram coletados por entrevista pós-parto e revisão de prontuários. As características sociodemográficas, obstétricas e clínicas das mulheres, o tipo de parto, e os resultados neonatais dos grupos étnicos foram comparados por análise bivariada. Resultados Das 4.150 mulheres que tiveram parto pré-termo, 2.317 (55,8%) eram não brancas, que com mais frequência: eram menores de 19 anos de idade (razão de prevalência [RP]: 1,05; intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%]: 1,01-1,09); não tinham parceiro; eramde baixa renda; tinham baixa escolaridade; tinham ≥ 2 filhos; realizavam trabalho extenuante; provinhammais do Nordeste do que do Sul; tinham histórico de ≥ 3 partos; tinham intervalo interpartal<12 meses; e tiveram complicações gestacionais como aborto, parto pré-termo, rotura prematura de membranas pré-termo (RPM-PT) e baixo peso ao nascimento; iniciaram as consultas de pré-natal no segundo ou terceiro trimestres; comparecerama um número inadequado de consultas; viviam sob contínua exaustão; fumaram no primeiro e segundo ou terceiro trimestres; e tiveram anemia e hipertensão gestacional. Os resultados maternos e neonatais não diferiram entre os grupos, exceto pelamaior taxa de baixo peso ao nascimento (73,7% versus 69,0%) entre as crianças das mulheres não brancas, e e a maior taxa de convulsões (4,05% versus 6,29%) entre as das brancas. Conclusão Condições desfavoráveis foram mais comuns entre não brancas do que entre brancas. Políticas apropriadas são necessárias para diminuir as diferenças, especialmente no contexto da prematuridade, quando mulheres e seus neonatos têm necessidades específicas.

Historia metabólica de pacientes con antecedentes de diabetes gestacional. Seguimiento durante seis años (2013-2019) / Metabolic record of patients with history of gestational diabetes. Follow-up of patients for six years (2013-2019)

Introducción: en la provincia de La Pampa no hay registro del número de pacientes con diabetes gestacional (DG) que vuelve a control metabólico posparto, cuando se conoce el riesgo que evolucione a diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2). Objetivos: analizar en el Hospital Público Interzonal (Dr. Lucio Molas) el porcentaje de mujeres con DG que volvió a control metabólico posparto y desarrolló DM2 durante seis años de seguimiento. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo ambispectivo en 44 pacientes con DG diagnosticada en 2013 con seguimiento hasta el 31/12/2019. Se analizaron antecedentes previos de DG y familiares de diabetes (AFD), edad, semana de gestación del diagnóstico con glucemia/prueba de tolerancia oral a la glucosa (PTOG), índice de masa corporal (IMC), presión arterial, vía del parto, peso del recién nacido, HbA1c. Resultados: en 2013 se efectuaron 1.238 partos, 44 pacientes (3,7%) tenían DG diagnosticada, 68% mediante PTOG. Presentaban 43% AFD, 38,6% sobrepeso, 20,45% obesidad, 68,2% cesáreas y 11,4% recién nacidos con alto peso. En seis años de seguimiento, 54,5% de estas pacientes realizó control metabólico; este grupo, a diferencia del grupo sin control, presentó mayor IMC al inicio del embarazo (t:2,103; p<0,02), glucemia basal (t:10,59; p<0,001), presión arterial sistólica (t:2,629; p<0,01), diastólica (t:1,965; p<0,05) y macrosomía fetal (4 vs 1). El 33,3 % manifestó DM2 predominantemente a partir de tres años del posparto. Conclusiones: el 54,5% de las pacientes con DG concurrió a control metabólico posparto tardíamente, y el 33,3% evolucionó a DM2; incluso estas pacientes presentaron mayor número de factores de riesgo obstétricos y cardiometabólicos que el grupo sin control al inicio del embarazo.

Introduction: there is no register of the number of women with gestational diabetes (GD) that have undergone metabolic post-partum control in the province of La Pampa, even though it is well-known the increased associated risk of becoming a diabetes type 2 patient (T2DM). Objectives: to analyze at the Interzonal Public Hospital (Dr. Lucio Molas) the percentage of women with GD who returned to postpartum metabolic control and developed T2DM during six years of follow-up. Materials and methods: descriptive ambispective study in 44 patients with GD diagnosed in 2013 with follow-up until 31 December 2019. Different characteristics were analyzed in all participants: previous history of GD and family members of diabetes (FHD), age, gestational week of the diagnosis with fasting glucose or oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, delivery route, newborn weight, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C). Results: a number of 1,238 of deliveries were performed in 2013, 44 women (3.7%) developed GD diagnosed by OGTT (68%), 43% presented FHD, 38.6% overweight, 20.45% obesity. Among the totality of deliveries 68.2% were by caesarea and 11.4% high birth weight newborns. In six years of follow-up, 54.5% of these patients underwent metabolic control, presenting this group, unlike the group without control, higher BMI at the beginning of pregnancy (t:2.103; p<0.02), fasting blood glucose (t:10 .59; p<0.001), systolic blood pressure (t:2.629; p<0.01), diastolic blood pressure (t; 1.965; p<0.05) and fetal macrosomia (4 vs 1). 33.3% developed T2DM predominantly from at three years postpartum. Conclusions: the present study reported that 54.5% of women with GD performed a late metabolic postpartum control evolving 33.3% developed T2DM presenting higher obstetric and cardiometabolic risk factors than the group without control at the beginning of pregnancy.

Maternal and Neonatal Clinico-Demographic profile and outcomes during the COVID-19 Pandemic at the Chinese General Hospital and Medical Center

Background@#COVID-19 is an ongoing health concern that hospitals have struggled to keep up with, given its increasing burden with the passage of time. Considerations for the management of COVID-19 should be made especially for pregnant patients and their neonates.@*Objectives@#To determine COVID-19 prevalence and the clinical profile of mothers admitted for childbirth at Chinese General Hospital and Medical Center from May 2020 to July 2020. The profile and outcomes of neonates born to these mothers were likewise studied. @*Materials and Method@#A descriptive cross-sectional study was done that included mothers admitted for childbirth who had SARS-CoV-2 RT PCR swab test and their neonates. A total of 408 medical records of mother and neonate dyads were reviewed. Relevant variables such as the patients’ demographic profile, clinical characteristics, co-morbidities and the maternal and neonatal outcomes were obtained. Frequency distributions were made to assess the prevalence of COVID-19 among the patients, as well as maternal and neonatal outcomes. @*Results@#Twenty-two (5.39%) mothers tested positive for COVID-19, while all neonates (n = 22) that underwent RT-PCR swab at the 24th hour of life had negative results. Of the 22 COVID-19 positive mothers, 2 (9.09%) were symptomatic upon admission while 20 (90.09%) were asymptomatic. The following were the key trends among those mothers who tested positive for COVID-19: (1) 81.82% were from ages 20-39 years old, (2) 72.73% were multigravida mothers, (3) 54.55% had normal spontaneous delivery, (4) diabetes mellitus was the only noted comorbidity. Key findings on the neonatal outcomes observed in the study population of both COVID-19 positive and negative cases, include: (1) majority of neonates had an APGAR score of greater than 7 at 1st and 5th minute of life; (2) higher frequency of neonates with Ballard’s score of more than 37 weeks AOG; (3) more male neonates as compared to female neonates; (4) a normal birth weight for majority of cases; (5) 45.45% of neonates born to COVID positive mothers had a length of stay of <48 hours as compared to 72.8% of neonates born to COVID negative mothers; and (6) neonatal pneumonia as the most common comorbid condition in both cases. @*Conclusion@#This study noted a prevalence of 5.39% COVID-19 positive mothers. SARS-CoV-2 virus was not detected in all of the neonates born to COVID-19 affected mothers. Neonates delivered to COVID-19 positive mothers had similar trends in the neonatal outcomes when compared to neonates delivered to mother who were COVID-19 negative.

Desenlaces materno-fetales en embarazadas con categoría de riesgo III - IV según la Organización Mundial de la Salud en un centro de tercer nivel durante 2006 a 2017 / Maternal-fetal outcomes in pregnant women with World Health Organisation risk category III - IV in a tertiary care centre from 2006 to 2017

Resumen Objetivo: describir los desenlaces materno-fetales en embarazadas con categoría de riesgo III-IV según la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Métodos: se revisaron las historias clínicas de 41 embarazadas con categoría de riesgo III-IV según la OMS, atendidas en un hospital de tercer nivel en Medellín, Colombia. Se recolectaron variables demográficas, clínicas y ecocardiográficas en un formulario diseñado para tal fin. Las variables primarias están orientadas a la evaluación de los desenlaces maternos y fetales. Los análisis estadísticos se realizaron con el software IBM-SPSS versión 23. Resultados: la tasa de eventos neonatales fue mayor que la tasa de eventos maternos (68.3 vs. 31.7%). Los desenlaces maternos primarios y secundarios ocurrieron en un 31.7 y 12.2% respectivamente. La distribución según la categoría de riesgo de la OMS fue del 7.3% en el grupo III y del 92.7% en el grupo IV. Solo hubo una muerte materna no relacionada con enfermedad cardiovascular. La presencia de insuficiencia tricuspídea moderada/severa se asoció con prematuridad (p 0.006) y las gestantes con presión sistólica pulmonar ≥ 50 mm Hg tuvieron mayor número de neonatos con distrés respiratorio (p 0.010). La falla cardiaca derecha se relacionó con muerte materna (p 0.014) y prematuridad (p 0.019), mientras que la de falla cardiaca izquierda se asoció con muerte neonatal (p 0.003). Conclusiones: la enfermedad cardiovascular materna es causa frecuente de alta morbilidad y mortalidad materno-fetal. Este estudio identificó los principales desenlaces maternos y fetales, sin embargo, se requieren estudios con mayor tamaño de muestra.

Abstract Objective: To describe the maternal-fetal outcomes in pregnant woman with risk classification of III-IV according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Methods: A review was carried out on the medical records of 41 pregnant women with WHO risk classification of III-IV, treated in a tertiary hospital in Medellin, Colombia. Demographic, clinical, and cardiac ultrasound variables were recorded on a form designed for this purpose. The primary variables were directed at evaluating the fetal and maternal outcomes. The statistical analysis was performed using IBM-SPSS software version 23. Results: The neonatal events rate was greater than the maternal events rate (68.3% vs. 31.7%). Primary and secondary outcomes occurred in 31.7% and 12.2%, respectively. The distribution according to WHO risk category was 7.3% in risk group III, and 92.7% in group IV. There was only one maternal death unrelated to cardiovascular disease. The presence of moderate-severe tricuspid insufficiency was associated with prematurity (P=.006), and the mothers with a pulmonary systolic pressure ≥ 50 mm Hg had a greater number of newborns with respiratory distress (P=.010). Right heart failure was associated with maternal death (P=.014) and prematurity (P=.019), whilst left heart failure was associated with neonatal death (P=.003). Conclusions: Maternal cardiovascular disease is a frequent cause of high maternal-fetal morbidity and mortality. Although this study identified the main maternal and fetal outcomes, studies with a greater sample size are required.

Study of anemia in hypothyroid pregnant patients

Background: Hypothyroidism and anemia in pregnancy causes significantly high maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of anemia, grade and type of anemia in hypothyroid pregnant patients.Methods: This prospective study was conducted at department of obstetrics and gynecology, CSSH, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh over a period of 2 years from August 2017 to August 2019. Patients who attended the OPD during the study period were included in the study according the inclusion criteria and were studied for the clinical profile, obstetric history and detailed examination. Investigations were done including hemoglobin, blood grouping, urine routine, HbsAg, Anti-HCV, HIV, RBS and serum TSH. The women with raised serum TSH, indicating hypothyroidism, test for free T3, free T4 and anti-TPO was done, and the hypothyroid females with anemia were further investigated with GBP for the type of anemia, data evaluated with adequate statistical analysis.Results: A total 223 patients, enrolled in the study, prevalence of anemia in hypothyroid patients was 69.95%. Most patients with overt hypothyroidism had mild anemia 26 (68.4%), while in sub-clinical hypothyroid patients’ group most of the patients had moderate anemia. In the overt hypothyroid and subclinical hypothyroid group dimorphic anemia was the most prevalent form of anemia with 52.6% and 74.6% respectively.Conclusions: Prevalence of anemia in hypothyroid pregnant patients is 69.95%. Dimorphic anemia is most prevalent; hence it is important to study anemia in antenatal patients with hypothyroidism and appropriate strategies should be used to prevent and treat anemia.

Predicting pregnancy outcomes from homocysteine level: an evidence from a North Indian study

Background: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are a major cause of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Though the etiology of spectrum of vascular disorders of pregnancy is still not understood completely, yet abnormally elevated homocysteine level has been implicated in the causal pathway and pathogenesis. Hyperhomocysteinemia has been significantly associated with increased risk of poor maternal and foetal outcomes in terms of PIH, abruption, IUGR, recurrent pregnancy loss, intrauterine death and prematurity.Methods: The present prospective study was conducted among 180 pregnant women (57 exposed and 123 non exposed) in Kamla Nehru State Hospital for Mother and Child, IGMC Shimla, Himachal Pradesh with an objective of determining association of abnormally elevated homocysteine level in pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Socio-demographic, clinical, biochemical including homocysteine level, laboratory, ultrasonographic parameters and foeto-maternal outcomes of pregnancy of all the participants were documented.Results: The mean homocysteine level of exposed group (23.26±10.77 µmol/L) was significantly higher than the unexposed group (8.99±2.47 µmol/L). Among hyperhomocysteinemic subjects, 10.5% had abruption, 15.8% had PRES and 8.7% PPH which was significantly higher than normal subjects. Similarly, patients with homocysteinemia had significantly higher proportion (21.3%) of poor Apgar score, more (41.9%) NICU admissions and higher frequency (4.7%) of meconium aspiration syndrome.Conclusions: The present study generates necessary evidence for associating abnormally elevated homocysteine levels with pregnancy related hypertensive ailments and adverse pregnancy outcomes. It further demands the need of robustly designed studies and trials to further explore the phenomenon. Moreover, it emphasizes on a simple and timely intervention like estimating the much-neglected homocysteine levels during pregnancy which can definitely contribute in predicting and preventing adverse perinatal outcomes.

Perinatal outcomes and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: a prospective study

Background: Women with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) have an increased risk for postpartum haemorrhage, dyslipidaemia, preterm labour and operative interference. Fetus in ICP has been associated with an increased incidence of preterm labour, preterm prelabour rupture of membrane, fetal distress, abnormal CTG, meconium staining, spontaneous intrauterine death. The present study was done to evaluate the perinatal outcomes – maternal outcomes and fetal outcomes of ICP.Methods: This was a prospective observational study carried out in a tertiary care teaching hospital. Total 1100 pregnant women were screened during the study period. Patients with ICP were identified in maternity care units after eliciting history about itching. Pregnancies with pregnancy induced hypertension and other liver diseases in pregnancy were excluded.Results: 62 pregnant women with prevalence rate of 5.64% have been found to be suffering from ICP. The most frequently affected (22, 35.48%) age-group with ICP were belong to age > 35 years. A majority of pregnant women with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy was of multipara. ICP was highly significantly associated with small for gestational age (SGA, p-value: 0.0003); abnormal cardiotocography (CTG, p-value: 0.0002); and meconium stained liquor (p-value: 0.0001). Caesarean section as mode of delivery found significantly associated (p-value: 0.0033) with ICP. Insomnia (p-value: 0.0045); dyslipidemia (p-value: 0.0011); and postpartum haemorrhage (p-value: 0.0122) were also found significantly with ICP.Conclusions: ICP can adversely affect fetal as well as maternal pregnancy outcomes. Maternal outcomes have good prognosis, but fetal outcomes can be improved by timely and effective intervention.

Is first trimester body mass index of antenatal mothers associated with selected feto-maternal outcomes?

Background: Mothers are the creators and sustainers of progeny. The health and wellbeing of children is intimately linked with the health, nutrition, education and well-being of their mothers because she is both the seed as well as the soil where in the baby is nurtured for 9 months. Hence the present study was conducted to determine the association between first trimester body mass index (BMI) of antenatal mothers with the mode of delivery, birth weight and APGAR scores of new born babies at birth in a tertiary care hospital.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted amongst 115 antenatal mothers who reported to the Labor room in a tertiary care hospital of Pune during the period of Nov. 2017 to Feb. 2018, to determine the association between first trimester body mass index (BMI) of antenatal mothers with the mode of delivery, birth weight and APGAR scores of new born babies.Results: The findings were suggestive of increased odds of APGAR of <7 at 1 min of birth among new born babies born to the study participants of low BMI group as compared to the new born babies born to the high BMI group; Increased odds of birth weight of  >3.5 kg and gestational weight gain of >14 kg and greater odds of complications among new born babies born to the study participants of high BMI group than the new born babies born to the low BMI group.Conclusions: The study concluded that birth weight of the new born babies shows a clinically significant increasing trend in association with the increasing first trimester BMI of their mothers.

Maternal and fetal outcomes in pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum

Background: Hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) is associated with maternal weight loss, nutritional deficiencies, fluid and electrolyte abnormalities, which may lead to adverse fetal and maternal outcomes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship of hyperemesis gravidarum to maternal and foetal outcomes.Methods: A hospital-based prospective observational study was carried out. All patients with singleton pregnancy diagnosed as / history of hyperemesis gravidarum the current pregnancy was included in the study. The pregnant women with multiple pregnancy, molar pregnancy, presence of pre-gestational diabetes, pre-gestational hypertension, and other causes of nausea such as appendicitis and pyelonephritis were excluded from the study.Results: 36 pregnant women with prevalence rate of 3.28% have been found to be suffering from HG. Almost half (17, 47.22%) of the pregnant women with HG had age less than 25 years. The significant association (p-value: 0.0099) has been found between parity and smoking with HG. HG was significantly associated with low birth weight (p-value: 0.0133); small for gestational age (SGA) (p-value: 0.0316); APGAR score < 7 after 1 minute (p-value: 0.0060); and APGAR score <7 after 5 minutes (p-value: 0.0006). There is no association found between mode of delivery, gestational diabetes, and pregnancy-induced hypertension with HG.Conclusions: HG can adversely affect fetal as well as maternal, though not significant, pregnancy outcomes.

Outcomes of prolonged preterm premature rupture of the membrane: a report of six cases

Preterm premature rupture of the membranes (PROM) is associated with significant maternal morbidity and perinatal mortality. With an increasing era of infertility, the main interest of an assisted reproductive technology specialist is to increase the take-home baby rate. Here authors present report on the outcomes of prolonged preterm PROM cases facilitated with expectant management. Report is based on the medical records of six women with preterm PROM between 16-31 weeks of gestation who gave their consent to continue the pregnancy. These women were diagnosed with PROM by the litmus test and per speculum examination. Ultrasound scan and clinical investigation, which included complete blood count and C-reactive protein level, were performed in all cases. Prophylactic antibiotics were administered to prevent the infection and increase the latency period. All six babies (100%) were delivered successfully. There was no foetal mortality and maternal morbidity observed. Expectant management in preterm PROM cases can increase the survival rate and hence the take-home baby rate.

Pregnancy Outcomes In Women With Preexisting And Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Context: Diabetes in pregnancy is increasing and associated with increased risk of complications. There is little data on whether the pregnancy outcomes have changed over time. Aim:The aim is to compare rates of pregnancy outcomes between women with preexisting diabetes and gestational diabetes (GDM). Settings and Design:This was a prospective observational study done in women with preexisting diabetes and GDM. Methods and Material: Baseline characteristics and medical comorbidities were recorded. Women were counseled regarding life style modification (LSM) and glycemic goals. Metformin and/or insulin were used accordingly. Maternal outcomes and neonatal outcomes were assessed. Results: Out of 183 subjects who were enrolled, 74 (40 %) were women with preexisting diabetes and 109 (60%) were GDM. More than 50% of patients required combination of LSM, metformin and insulin in both groups. Pregnancy weight gain was higher in GDM (11.15±3.48) compared to preexisting diabetes (10.07±3.25; p<0.05). Preterm delivery was more in preexisting diabetes (43.28%) than GDM (25.24%; p=0.01). There were higher miscarriages in preexisting diabetes compared to GDM (p=0.02) whereas intra uterine deaths were similar in both groups. Prevalence of PIH was 26.86% in preexisting diabetes and 15.53% in GDM (p=0.08). Caesarean section rate was 89.55% in preexisting diabetes and 87.37% in GDM. Birth weight was higher in neonates of GDM compared to preexisting diabetes (3.05±0.42 versus 2.88±0.52, p=0.02). There were four neonates with congenital malformations in preexisting diabetes and none in GDM. Conclusions: The present study in women with Preexisting Diabetes and GDM showed higher miscarriages and higher preterm deliveries in preexisting diabetes. There were high rates of caesarean section, reduced macrosomia and lesser congenital malformations in the present study.

A critical review on obstetric follow-up of women affected by systemic lupus erythematosus / Uma revisão crítica sobre o acompanhamento obstétrico de mulheres com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico

Abstract Objective To review the existing recommendations on the prenatal care of women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), based on currently available scientific evidence. Methods An integrative review was performed by two independent researchers, based on the literature available in the MEDLINE (via PubMed), EMBASE and The Cochrane Library databases, using the medical subject headings (MeSH) terms "systemic lupus erythematosus" AND "high-risk pregnancy" OR "prenatal care." Studies published in English between 2007 and 2017 were included; experimental studies and case reports were excluded. In cases of disagreement regarding the inclusion of studies, a third senior researcher was consulted. Forty titles were initially identified; four duplicates were excluded. After reading the abstracts, 7 were further excluded and 29 were selected for a full-text evaluation. Results Systemic lupus erythematosus flares, preeclampsia, gestation loss, preterm birth, fetal growth restriction and neonatal lupus syndromes (mainly congenital heartblock) were the major complications described. The multidisciplinary team should adopt a specific monitoring, with particular therapeutic protocols. There are safe and effective drug options that should be prescribed for a good control of SLE activity. Conclusion Pregnant women with SLE present an increased risk for maternal complications, pregnancy loss and other adverse outcomes. The disease activity may worsen and, thereby, increase the risk of other maternal-fetal complications. Thus, maintaining an adequate control of disease activity and treating flares quickly should be a central goal during prenatal care.

Resumo Objetivo Revisar as recomendações existentes sobre o cuidado pré-natal às mulheres comlúpus eritematoso sistêmico (LES), combase emevidências científicas atualmente disponíveis. Métodos Revisão integrativa realizada por dois pesquisadores independentes, com base na literatura disponível nos bancos de dados MEDLINE (via PubMed), EMBASE e The Cochrane Library, usando os cabeçalhos de assuntos médicos, ou termos MeSH, "systemic lupus erythematosus" E "high-risk pregnancy" OU "prenatal care." Estudos publicados em inglês entre 2007 e 2017 foram incluídos; estudos experimentais e relatos de caso foram excluídos. Em caso de desacordo, umterceiro pesquisador sênior foi consultado. Quarenta títulos foram inicialmente identificados; quatro duplicatas foram excluídas. Após leitura dos resumos, mais 7 artigos foramexcluídos e 29 foram selecionados para uma avaliação de texto completo. Resultados Surtos de LES, pré-eclâmpsia, perda de gestação, parto prematuro, restrição de crescimento fetal e síndromes de lúpus neonatal foram as principais complicações descritas. A equipe multidisciplinar deve adotar um monitoramento específico, com protocolos terapêuticos apropriados. Há drogas seguras e eficazes que devem ser prescritas para um bom controle do LES. Conclusão Gestantes com LES apresentam risco aumentado de complicações maternas, perda de gravidez e outros desfechos adversos. A atividade da doença pode piorar e, assim, aumentar o risco de outras complicações. Assim, manter um controle adequado da atividade da doença e tratar rapidamente os surtos deve ser um objetivo central durante o pré-natal.

Tocolysis among women with preterm birth: associated factors and outcomes from a Multicenter study in Brazil / Tocólise com parto prematuro: fatores associados e desfechos de um estudo multicêntrico no Brasil

Abstract Objective To evaluate the use of tocolysis in cases of preterm birth due to spontaneous preterm labor in a Brazilian sample. Methods A sample of 1,491 women with preterm birth due to spontaneous preterm labor were assessed, considering treatment with tocolysis or expectant management, according to gestational age at birth (< 34 weeks and 34 to 36 þ 6 weeks) and drugs prescribed. The study took place in 20 Brazilian hospitals from April 2011 to July 2012. Bivariate analyses were conducted to evaluate associations with sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics and odds ratios with their respective 95% confidence intervals were estimated for maternal and neonatal outcomes. Results A total of 1,491 cases of preterm birth were considered. Tocolysis was performed in 342 cases (23%), 233 of which (68.1%) were delivered before 34 weeks. Within the expectant management group, 73% was late preterm and with more advanced labor at the time of admission. The most used drugs were calcium channel blockers (62.3%), followed by betamimetics (33%). Among the subjects in the tocolysis group, there were more neonatal and maternal complications (majority non-severe) and an occurrence of corticosteroid use that was 29 higher than in the expectant management group. Conclusion Tocolysis is favored in cases of earlier labor and also among thosewith less than 34 weeks of gestation, using preferably calcium channel blockers, with success in achieving increased corticosteroid use. Tocolysis, in general, was related to higher maternal and neonatal complication rates, which may be due to the baseline difference between cases at admission. However, these results should raise awareness to tocolysis use.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar o uso da tocólise em partos prematuros decorrentes de trabalho de parto espontâneo numa amostra brasileira. Métodos Um total de 1.491 mulheres com parto prematuro decorrente de trabalho de parto espontâneo foram avaliadas, considerando a realização de tocólise ou conduta expectante, de acordo com a idade gestacional ao nascimento (< 34 semanas e 34 a 36 þ 6 semanas) e com as drogas prescritas. O estudo ocorreu em 20 hospitais brasileiros, de abril de 2011a julho de 2012. Análises bivariadas foram realizadas para avaliar associações com características sociodemográficas e obstétricas. Foram calculadas as relações de probabilidade comseus respectivos intervalos de confiança (95%) para os desfechos neonatais e maternos. Resultados Um total de 1.491 casos de partos prematuros foram considerados, e a tocólise foi realizada em 342 (23%) casos, dos quais 233 (68,1%) tiveram partos antes das 34 semanas. No grupo da conduta expectante, 73% forampré-termos tardios e com trabalho de parto mais avançado à admissão. As drogas mais utilizadas foram os bloqueadores do canal de cálcio (62.3%), seguidos pelos betamiméticos (33%). No grupo da tocólise houvemais complicações neonatais ematernas (maioria não grave) e um uso de corticosteroides 29 vezes mais frequente que nos casos de conduta expectante. Conclusão A tocólise foi mais favorável nos casos de trabalho de parto inicial e nos partos realizados antes de 34 semanas de gestação, usando preferencialmente bloqueadores do canal de cálcio, comsucesso em realizar altas taxas de corticoterapia. A tocólise esteve associada a maiores taxas de complicações maternas e neonatais, o que pode ser explicado pela diferença basal dos casos à admissão. Entretanto, esses resultados devem acender um alerta em relação ao uso de tocolíticos.

Riesgo de complicaciones maternas y perinatales en mujeres con coartación aórtica. Estudio de casos y controles / Risk of maternal and perinatal complications in women with aortic coarctation. Case- control study

Resumen OBJETIVO: determinar los riesgos maternos y perinatales en mujeres con coartación aórtica. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: estudio de casos y controles de pacientes atendidas en el Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes para control prenatal entre 2011-2016. Se estimó la razón de momios para complicaciones maternas (preeclampsia, hemorragia, hipertensión y proteinuria) y fetales (restricción del crecimiento intrauterino, prematurez y Apgar bajo). RESULTADOS: se estudiaron 13 casos: en éstos, la hemorragia posparto fue de 5.7 (p=0.2) RM 3.8 (IC 95%: 0.31-46.9); preeclampsia de 11.4 (p=0.1), RM 4.4 (IC 95%: 0.6-28.8); hipertensión de 14.3 (p=0.35), RM 2.8 (IC 95%: 0.59-13.3) y proteinuria de 14.4 (p=0.09), RM 3.9 (IC 95%: 0.75-20). Restricción del crecimiento intrauterino 8.6 (p=0.09), RM 6.3 (IC 95%: 0.5-68.4). El embarazo se interrumpió a las 35.1 ± 6.1 semanas (p=0.05); 27% (6 de 13 casos) con prematurez y 27.7% (6 de 22 controles), no hubo diferencias estadísticas en el puntaje Apgar. CONCLUSIÓN: la coartación aórtica en las embarazadas incrementa la morbilidad; la principal limitación de este estudio fue el número reducido de casos; de ahí que se requieran investigaciones con mayor cantidad de casos, que permitan llegar a conclusiones más sólidas.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Determine maternal and perinatal risk in women with aortic coarctation. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A study of cases and controls in women admitted in the period 2011- 2016 during antenatal care was performed. 13 cases were found. We calculated OR for maternal complications such as preeclampsia, bleeding, hypertension and proteinuria; fetal and intrauterine growth restriction, prematurity and Apgar. RESULTS: Maternal morbidity for postpartum hemorrhage was 5.7 (p=0.2), OR 3.8 (CI 95% 0.31-46.9), 11.4 preeclampsia (p=0.1), OR 4.4 (CI 95% 0.6-28.8), 14.3 hypertension (p=0.35), OR 2.8 (CI 95% 0.59-3.13), proteinuria, 14.4 (p=0.09) OR 3.9 (CI 95% 0.75- 20). Growth restriction 8.6 (p=0.09), OR 6.3 (CI 95% 0.5- 68.4). Gestational age of 35.1 ± 6.1 SDG interruption (p=0.05), with 27% (6 of 13 cases) with prematurity and 27.7% (6 of 22 controls), no statistical differences in the Apgar score. CONCLUSION: Pregnant women who present with coarctation of the aorta, there is an increase in morbidity as has been demonstrated in previous publications; however, the main limitation of the study is the low number of cases and requires further research.

Maternal and fetal outcomes in term premature rupture of membrane / 世界急诊医学杂志（英文）

@#BACKGROUND: Premature rupture of membrane (PROM) is linked to significant maternal prenatal mortalities and morbidity. In Ethiopia, where maternal mortality is still high, the maternal and fetal outcomes in PROM is very important to decrease maternal and child mortality and for better management and prevention of complications. Thus, this study aimed to detect the maternal and fetal outcomes and associated factors in term PROM at Mizan-Aman General Hospital, south-west Ethiopia. METHODS: A retrospective cross sectional study was conducted using data available at Mizan-Aman General Hospital during a period of 3 years (January 2011 to December 2013). We examined records of 4525 women who gave birth in the hospital; out of these women, 185 were diagnosed with term PROM and all of them were included in the study. The data of these women were collected using a checklist based on registration books. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0 statistical package. The association between independent and dependent variables was assessed by bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses. 95％CI and P value less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Of the 4525 women who gave birth in the hospital, 202 were complicated by term PROM. About 22.2％ of the women showed unfavorable maternal outcomes. The most common cause of maternal morbidity and mortality was puerperal sepsis. About 33.5％ of neonates experienced unfavorable outcomes. The duration of PROM >12 hours (AOR=5.6, 95％CI 1.3–24.1) latency >24 hours (AOR=2.8, 95％CI 1.7–11.8), residing in rural areas (AOR=4.2, 95％CI 3.96–29.4) and birth weight less than 2500 g were associated with unfavorable outcomes. CONCLUSION: Women residing in rural areas, long latency, and neonates with birth weight less 2500 g may have unfavorable outcomes. Therefore, optimum obstetric and medical care is essential for the reduction of the devastating complications related to disorders.

Successful Pregnancy and Delivery with Good Maternal and Fetal Outcome in a Kidney Transplant Recipient.

Conception and successful completion of pregnancy is rare in women with end-stage kidney disease. Given the rising burden of chronic kidney disease, it is quite common to see more women in their childbearing ages being diagnosed with the condition. As the kidney disease progresses, fertility chances reduce and pregnancy becomes a rarity. In addition to dealing with dialysis and its consequences, the women with end-stage kidney disease also face the trauma of infertility and inability to start their families. At such times, pregnancy and delivery following successful kidney transplantation with return of normal kidney function, offers a ray of hope to women of childbearing ages. We report the case of a young woman with end-stage renal/kidney disease (ESRD) on hemodialysis for 2 years, who underwent cadaveric kidney transplantation with subsequent excellent allograft function. Two years post-transplantation, she went ahead with a successful pregnancy and delivery of a normal birth weight baby, and preserved renal allograft function.